广州海事法院

开庭笔录

案号：（2020）粤72民初616号

案由: 通海水域货物运输合同纠纷  

时间：2020年9月16日9时45分至11时50分

地点：深圳法庭二号法庭

合议庭：审  判  长  李立菲

审  判  员  张子豪

人民陪审员  陈雨薇

书 记 员：施文婷

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到庭当事人基本情况

原告：中国太平洋财产保险股份有限公司深圳分公司

法定代表人：林耸，该公总经理。（未到庭）   

委托诉讼代理人：黄素芳，北京大成（深圳）事务所律师，律师执业证号14403200911996699。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

被告：深圳市和美海运有限公司

法定代表人：王丛阵，该公司总经理。 

被告：浙江省海运集团有限公司

法定代表人：潘朝刚，该公司董事长。（未到庭）  

委托诉讼代理人：阎冰，上海星瀚律师事务所律师。（未到庭）

委托诉讼代理人：刘昌禹，上海星瀚律师事务所律师，执业证号13101202010164800。

（播放法庭纪律）                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

审：（敲法锤）现在开庭。首先核对当事人和其他诉讼参加人的基本信息。原告中国太平洋财产保险股份有限公司深圳分公司的负责人林耸是否到庭？原告委托北京大成（深圳）事务所黄素芳为诉讼代理人，已经向法院提交授权委托书，黄素芳是否到庭？代理权限？

黄：原告中国太平洋财产保险股份有限公司深圳分公司，住所地深圳市福田区华富街道皇岗路5001号深业上城（南区）二期60层、59层5901，法定代表人林耸，该公司总经理，未到庭。原告委托诉讼代理人黄素芳律师到庭，为北京大成（深圳）事务所律师，代理权限均为特别授权。

审：被告深圳市和美海运有限公司的法定代表人是否到庭？

王：被告深圳市和美海运有限公司，住所地深圳市南山区蛇口街道龟山路明华国际会议中心C楼1906。法定代表人王丛阵，该公司总经理，到庭。

审：被告浙江省海运集团有限公司的法定代表人是否到庭？委托 律师事务所的律师为诉讼代理人，已经向法院提交授权委托书，是否到庭？代理权限？

刘：被告浙江省海运集团有限公司，住所地杭州市文晖路303号8层6层，法定代表人潘朝刚，该公司董事长，未到庭。被告委托诉讼代理人刘昌禹到庭、阎冰未到庭， 均为上海星瀚律师事务所律师，代理权限均为特别授权。

审：各方当事人对对方出庭人员有无异议？

黄、王、刘：没有异议。

审：经核对，各方当事人和其他诉讼参加人均符合法律规定，可以参加本案庭审活动。今天，广州海事法院依照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第一百三十四条的规定，依法适用普通程序，公开审理原告中国太平洋财产保险股份有限公司深圳分公司与被告深圳市和美海运有限公司、浙江省海运集团有限公司通海水域货物运输合同纠纷一案。本案由审判员李立菲、审判员张子豪、人民陪审员陈雨薇组成合议庭审理，审判员李立菲担任审判长，书记员施文婷担任法庭记录。

有关当事人的诉讼权利义务，本院已在送达给各方当事人的受理案件通知书和应诉通知书中告知。各方当事人对诉讼权利义务是否清楚？对合议庭组成人员、书记员是否申请回避？

黄、王、刘：清楚、不申请回避。

审：因工作安排，今天的庭审由审判员张子豪一人主持，各方当事人对此有无异议？

黄:没有异议。

王、刘：没有异议。

审：各方当事人对合议庭成员、书记员均不申请回避，下面开始法庭调查。法庭调查是通过双方当事人及其诉讼代理人的陈述、举证、质证，查明案件事实，重点是当事人争议的事实及本庭认为应当调查的事实。首先由原告向法庭陈述诉讼请求、事实和理由。

原代：诉讼请求（第一项有变更）：1、请求两被告共同向原告支付货损金额人民币变更为313023.25元，公估费人民币23968.00元；以及以上述货损金额及货损检验鉴定费之和变更为336991.25元为基数，从原告支付保险赔款之日起至2019年8月19日按照中国人民银行同期贷款利率计算的利息暂计780.13元和自2019年8月20日起至实际履行之日止按照同期全国银行间同业拆借中心公布的贷款市场报价利率计算的利息；2、请求本案的诉讼费由两被告承担。事实和理由与起诉状一致：2019年5月17日、2019年5月27日，被保险人深圳市华联粮油贸易有限公司（以下简称“华联粮油公司”）作为托运人与被告一签订了两份合同编号分别为2280719060070000YM、2280719050060000YM《货物运输合同》，约定由被告一为华联粮油公司运输一批货物，货物名称为玉米，运输数量分别为9000吨、22000吨（以下简称“涉案货物”），运输起运港是锦州，目的港是省粮码头。合同另约定有关托运人与承运人之间的权利、义务和责任界限，适用于《水路货物运输规则》及运价、规费的有关规定。后被告一委托被告二实际承运涉案货物，被告二出具了七份运单号分别为20037548、20037542、20037543、20037530、20037551、20037553、20037529的《锦州港水路货物运单》，船名航次为：“浙海526”轮1909，收货人均为华联粮油公司，承运人为被告二，运单上均注明“承运人、实际承运人、托运人、收货人的有关权利、义务，适用《国内水路货物运输规则》”2019年6月13日，涉案货物在目的港省粮码头开舱卸货时遭受雨淋，导致船舱内货物雨淋水湿受损。2019年6月10日，华联粮油公司向原告投保，双方就涉案货物签订了保险单号分别为ASHZ00304319Q000207J、ASHZ00304319Q000209V、ASHZ00304319Q000208J、ASHZ00304319Q000206W、ASHZ00304319Q000210G的五份国内水路、陆路货物运输保险合同。保险合同载明被保险人和投保人均为华联粮油公司，运输工具为“浙海526”轮，货物名称为玉米，起运地为锦州港，目的地为麻涌。（以下简称“保险合同”）上述保险事故发生后，原告根据保险合同的约定，向被保险人华联粮油公司赔付了案涉货物因雨淋而遭受损失的保险赔偿款人民币315832.65元，并为此支付了公估费人民币23968.00元。被保险人华联粮油公司向原告出具了保险赔款收据及权益转让书，原告依法取得华联粮油公司根据相关约定和规定对被告一和被告二的代位求偿权。原告认为，案涉货物的损失发生在两被告的责任期间，被告一作为涉案货物的承运人，被告二作为涉案货物的实际承运人，根据《合同法》、《保险法》以及《国内水路货物运输规则》等相关规定，应对原告的损失承担连带赔偿责任。因相关方协商无果，特向贵院提起诉讼，请贵院判如所请，以维护原告的合法权益。

审：两被告对原告的诉讼请求和事实理由是否清楚？ 

王、刘：清楚。

审：现在由两被告对原告的起诉提出答辩意见。

王：答辩意见将与被告二一致。

刘：答辩意见如下：1.被告二并非涉案货物运输合同当事人，不是适格主体，不应对原告所主张的货物损失承担违约赔偿责任。2.原告无权就船舶1舱水湿货物及所称短量损失行使保险代为赔偿权。3.涉案缓冲3舱、5舱内货物并未遭受损失，原告主张缺乏证据支撑。4.原告所主张的损失金额计算方式错误，缺乏合理性。5.涉案货物实装实卸，并未发生所谓短量。具体见答辩状。

审：请原告变更诉讼请求的依据。

黄：根据货物在起运港的价格加上运费，等于在目的港的价格，货损后卖出的价格所得出的金额。根据我方提交的公估报告，公估公司根据保险合同承保的货物总价值的1.1再除以货物总重量得出货物的价格为2081元/吨，2081除以1.1+运输合同中53元运费得出目的港的价格为1944.81元/吨，以此计算出1549.49吨。变更前是按照保险公司赔付的金额计算的，变更后是以实际损失为主。实际损失并没有保险公司赔付的那么多。

原告，你提交几组证据？

黄：21组，证据名称、证明目的与证据清单一致。

审：两被告是否收到？有原件是否核对？

王、刘：收到，有原件的均已核对。

审：请被告一和美公司对原告提交的证据发表质证意见。

王：质证意见将与被告二发表的质证意见一致。与原告的运输合同关系也予以确认，只是对货损金额计算方式有异议。

审：被告一是否有水路货物运输经营许可证？

王：没有。

审：请被告二对原告提交的证据发表质证意见。

刘：证据1、表面真实性确认，但被告二没有参与签订，所以关联性不确认。证据2、三性均予以确认，提醒注意的是该证据没有托运人和收货人的盖章，故该运单并非货物运输合同，仅只是收据，没有订立合同的效力。证据3、三性均予以确认，提醒注意的是涉案货损是卸货发生的突发状况，不可预见，应属于不可抗力因素。证据4、表面真实性确认，关联性、合法性不确认。证据5、三性均予以确认，但对损失货物损失程度不予认可。证据6、三性均予以确认，需要注意的是该证据仅对表面货物及1仓和5仓的货物予以确认，没有提及缓冲仓内货物没有提及。证据7至11、表面真实性确认，但因没有参与合同订立，所以不确认合法性和关联性。证据12、三性均予以确认，因没有银行水单和发票，该证据无法支撑原告主张，涉案货物实际损失金额无法核实。证据13至17、三性均予以确认，需要注意的是第254页承运转让书中的内容。证据18、19，因为未参与合同订立过程，关联性不予确认。证据20和21、注意的是右上角打印时间说明这个天气预报只是对天气的记录，无法支撑原告的主张。

审：被告和美公司是否提交证据？

王：我方没有提交证据。

审：被告浙江海运公司是否提交证据？

刘：3组。证据名称和证明目的与证据清单一致。

审：原告和被告一是否收到？

黄、王：已收到被告二提交的证据，且已核对有原件的证据。

审：请原告对被告二提交证据发表质证意见。

黄：证据1、表面真实性确认，证明目的不确认，该证据仅是两被告之间的内部合同，无法约束原告，且根据水路货物运输规则及合同法的相关规定，被告二作为本案货物的实际承运人，应与被告一共同承担连带责任。证据2、三性均不予认可，该证据是根据船东的主观意见出具的，报告中第18页和19页对缓冲仓中1549.79吨货物的损失认定依据是船方不知情，却未提供相反证据这些货物是否受损，原告已经提供公估公司的码头照片及被告一和相关方的检验确认，可证明该1549.79吨货物是已经受损的，且该货物最后处理的价格也比被保险人采购的价格低，价格之差支持损失。证据3、三性均不予确认，该证据与本案无关联，且本案运输合同中也未约定落差及免赔事项。

审：被保险人与两被告之间的关系。

黄：被保险人是托运人，被告二是实际承运人。

刘：我方认为本案没有实际承运人，但涉案货物实际是由我方运输。

王：我方是代理人。

审：请原告陈述运输过程。

黄：原告的被保险人深圳市华联粮油贸易有限公司与被告一签订两份货物运输合同，被告一将被保险人的委托实际交予被告二所属的船舶运输，由于被告一称其没有水路运输资格证，故被保险人与被告一签订的运输合同可能存在无效的情形，故被告二是实际承运人，所以涉案货物实际损失应由被告二承担。被告二未经货主同意擅自在本案货物上层装运其他货主的货物，在被告二卸载其他货主货物时下雨，由于被告二并未对本案货物进行妥善隔离和保管，故雨水流至本案货物，又由于本案货物并非在本身卸货港被淋湿，又经过两天多时间才运至卸货港卸载，无法及时暴晒和通风，导致损失加剧，本案货物损失是被告二保管不善造成。

审：涉案货物最终目的港在哪？

黄：目的港是东莞粤储粮码头，货损发生地是在东莞深赤湾码头。

王：确认。

刘：确认。但运单显示的目的港是麻涌港。

审：原告主张两被告承担连带责任的依据？

黄：依据是被告一与被保险人签订运输合同及被告二出具的运单上均确认托运人、收货人、实际承运人权利义务均适用国内水路运输规定。水路运输规定第45至47条。

审：运单是谁出具？

黄：被告二出具。

刘：我方不确认，我方仅对运单的数量和种类进行确认。承运人显示的确为我方公司。

黄：锦州港水运货物单上托运人是被保险人，承运人是被告二。根据法律规定，运单都是承运人出具的，故被告二所称的并非他们出具的运单与事实不符。

审：被告一，运单是否你方出具？

王：并非我方出具，运单是港口交给托运人和实际承运人核对的。我方认为是实际承运人出具的。

刘：运单出具的流程，船上盖章是最后一步，船在收到所有货物后，盖章是对货物的种类和数量的确认。

黄：被告二在运单上承运人盖章确认，证明其确认是运单上的承运人。运单上右上角明确承运人、实际承运人、收货人适用国内水路货物运输规则，证明被告二对这点确认，否则也不会盖章确认。

审：两被告对原告的代位求偿权是否确认？

王：与被告二意见一致。

刘：我方对原告在货物3、5仓水湿货物损失确认。对1仓和货物短少的部分仓损失不确认，原告对该部分没有代为求偿权。

审：关于事实部分是否有向对方提问？

黄：被告二，在卸其他货主货物时是否有关注天气变化？当时船上留守人数？

刘：我方证据第6页，卸货时是23点40分，知道接到码头通知开仓通知时天气为多云，但开仓完时突然暴雨，关仓未来得及。留守人数具体不好核实。

黄：被告二，你方在装载本案货物时与其他货主货物装载一起时为何没有采取相关防水措施?

刘：在装载货物时采取通常做法，该做法是最经济的。

王：因为货物是拼仓货，行业通常做法就是采取这样的装货方式。放在顶上的做法便于卸货，卸货的时候也是参照卸载粮食的做法。所以上面放钢材不会导致涉案货物货损。

黄:被告一和被告二在涉案货物上放置钢材并未经货主同意，且双方签订运输合同中没有显示为拼仓货。被告在本案货物放置钢材并未经过货主同意，因此被告因放置其他货主货物造成本案货物损失是被告违约了，认为造成的。

刘：向原告提问：1.缓冲仓内货损是来源于1、3、5还是其他？2.缓冲仓内货物双方在检验时就已经存在争议，在该仓内抽取样品的检验报告是否有相应提供？

另就原告的意见，回应，原告与被保险人之间有运输合同关系，被保险人和和美公司是运输合同关系，拼仓不会导致货损。

黄：回答被告二，关于问题1可以参考我方证据3的第19页和23页。问题2，样品是从检验报告中取出的，质量是一致的，检验报告可以体现。

审：对案件事实各方当事人是否有补充？

黄、王、刘：没有补充。

审：法庭调查到此结束。

审：合议庭归纳本案庭审争议焦点如下：一、被保险人与两被告之间的关系；二、两被告否应对货损承担连带责任；三、货损金额；四、下雨是否构成不可抗力，被告是否因此免责；五、原告是否取得代位求偿权。各方当事人对合议庭归纳的争议焦点是否有异议？

黄、王、刘：没有异议。

审：下面围绕本案争议焦点进行法庭辩论。请各方当事人发表辩论意见。

黄：争议焦点一，被保险人与被告一成立水路运输合同关系，被告一是承运人，被告二是实际承运人，各方均同意并入国内水路运输规则，根据该规则的第45至47条，承运人与实际承运人应对货物损失承担连带赔偿责任。争议焦点二，两被告均应对货损承担连带责任，因本案货损是被告擅自在涉案货物上方放置其他货物，在卸载其他货主的货物时发生的，假如被告没有在本案货物上放置其他货物，本案货物就不会在2019年6月13日在东莞深赤湾码头靠泊开仓就不会被雨淋湿，且本案船舶同时装载5仓货物，2和4仓货物虽然也被雨淋湿，由于其上方没有装载钢材是在卸货港淋湿的，淋湿后可及时被卸载、暴晒和通风，因此没有收到损失，本案货物在被雨淋湿后在船上又待了两天多的时间才运至卸货港卸货，此时雨水已渗至货物底层，从而扩大货损。因此本案货物货损是由于被告擅自在货物上方装载其他货主货物，在其他港口打开仓盖至雨淋，是被告配载和保管过失造成，被告不能免责，应承担赔偿责任。争议焦点三，根据合同法312条规定，货物货损金额按照货物在目的港价格计算，目的港价格为起运港的价格加上运费，本案起运港价格为货物总价值除以货物总重量1891.8元加上53元运费，在目的地价格为1944.81元，因此本案货损金额为1仓的雨淋损失8201.64元和3、5仓的损失26462.8元，40259.51元，货物总损失为313023.25元。争议焦点四，下雨是可预测和可预防的，根据原告提供的天气预告及相关事实可证明天气是可预测的，且可精确到每小时天气情况。假如两被告关注天气预报，可得知卸货时有雨，就可提前做好防护措施，货物不会受损。故下雨不构成不可抗力。争议焦点五，保险法第60条解释，如保险赔偿金额大于第三人损失的，则保险公司代位请求应以实际损失为准，保险公司与被保险人之间的赔偿约定与承运人无关，保险公司实际已赔偿本案货物的损失315832.65元，该金额大于货物的实际损失，因此原告完全可以以货物实际损失向被告追偿，具体原告赔偿的保险金中如何区分则与被告无关。辩论意见发表完毕。

王：将以被告二的辩论意见为准。

审：被告一与被保险人什么关系？

王：货运代理关系。

审：那你收取的费用是？

王：是运费，但我方没有实际承运，不应由我方承担。货损金额意见与被告二一致。虽然可以查到天气预报，但我不确定是否精确，是否为不可抗力需要由法院认定。但大家都认为天气可以卸货才卸的。关于原告的代位求偿权，也需要法院认定。

刘：辩论意见如下：争议焦点一，根据现有证据，原告与被保险人签订两份运输合同，被告一接受的是运费，故原告被保险人与被告一之间是运输合同关系。被告一与被告二是运输合同关系，原告作为保险人在行使代位求偿权的时候，只能向其被保险人的合同向对方即被告一主张。水规第58条，运输合同关系明确的情况下，运单只是货物收据，只能证明货物种类及数量，不能作为运输合同。争议焦点二，本案合同并无拼仓约定，且拼仓是行业惯例，货损是因卸货时突发暴雨导致。争议焦点三，货物损失金额和数量、残值金额如何鉴定，市场价值如何确定，货物损失的数量如何确定。原告未提供市场价值的直接证据而是以装港货物价值加运费计算有失公允。残值金额目前仅有残值处理合同，并无相应发票和银行水单，我方对该残值金额不予认可。货物损失数量具体及见答辩状第4页。争议焦点四，应当还原卸货时情况，船方是否确认是否确认天气情况下卸货，是暴雨突发导致。即便是已经确认及天气预报有雨，也不会因此不卸货，本案是突发的是暴雨，所以我方认为是不可抗力。争议焦点五，根据保险法第60条，我方认为原告仅赔付3舱和5舱的水湿费用，仅可对该部分享有代位求偿权。

审：在深赤湾码头被雨淋湿后是否能就地卸货？

黄：不清楚。

刘：在雨淋发生后，在深赤湾已对一部分货物进行卸货。但不是约定的码头，所以还是要运至约定的目的港卸货。

黄：补充：关于缓冲仓货物的损失，对损失数量有争议，但货物处理的价格也是因为该损失造成价格的降低。关于不可抗力，被告并未提供证据证明其关注了天气预报，也未提交证据证明其关注天气预报无法避免得知下雨。因此是被告疏忽大意的过失并非不可抗力。

刘：本案中被告二并非适格主体，请求法院驳回原告全部诉讼请求。

审：请各方当事人陈述最后意见。

黄：请求法院支持我方全部诉讼请求。

王、刘：请求法院驳回原告全部诉讼请求。

审：根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第九条、第九十三条的规定，本案纠纷可以在法院的主持下进行调解，现征询各方当事人的意见。原告、被告是否同意在法庭主持下进行调解？

黄：同意。

王、刘：同意。

审：本次庭审到此结束，现在休庭（敲法锤）。